5 Cases of Excessive Commas

5 Cases of Excessive Commas 5 Cases of Excessive Commas 5 Cases of Excessive Commas By Mark Nichol The guidelines about commas can appear to be so muddled and opposing that authors can (nearly) be excused for hurling in an additional a couple. Here are a few instances of excessively liberal sending of commas. 1. â€Å"If an amazing space rock was, without a doubt, approaching, a rocket could, in principle, be propelled to prod the space rock out of Earth’s way, changing its speed and the purpose of intersection.† This thirty-word sentence is covered with six commas one for each five words five of them showing up before the midpoint. By essentially bowing the standard about organizing additions with commas a standard that supporters of open accentuation mock routinely at any rate the number is diminished by two, rendering the sentence all the more free streaming: â€Å"If a stellar space rock was in fact approaching, a shuttle could, in principle, be propelled to prod the space rock out of Earth’s way, changing its speed and the purpose of intersection.† One more comma can be wiped out by migrating the incidental expression â€Å"in theory† to a prior situation in the sentence, with the goal that the comma subsequent to approaching carries out twofold responsibility: â€Å"If an exceptional space rock was in reality approaching, in principle, a rocket could be propelled to bump the space rock out of Earth’s way, changing its speed and the purpose of intersection.† 2. â€Å"The similitude, ‘The world is a machine,’ started to supplant the allegory, ‘The world is a living organism.’† In this sentence, the comma going before each example of allegory infers that that analogy is the only one in the sentence, yet anyplace. (In any case, two illustrations are communicated here, and incalculable others exist.) Metaphor, showing up in connection to the two brief citations, ought not be set off from them: â€Å"The similitude ‘The world is a machine’ started to supplant the allegory ‘The world is a living organism.’† 3. â€Å"The occasion is a piece of an appealing, general wellbeing message about the significance of crisis preparedness.† Appealing and â€Å"public health† are not facilitate descriptors. The fact of the matter isn't that the message is snappy and general wellbeing; it’s that the general wellbeing message is appealing. Hence, no comma is vital: â€Å"The occasion is a piece of an infectious general wellbeing message about the significance of crisis preparedness.† On the off chance that, conversely, the sentence read, for instance, â€Å"The occasion is a piece of an appealing, eccentric message about the significance of crisis preparedness,† note that in light of the fact that snappy and particular are equal they are facilitate descriptive words a comma should isolate them. 4. â€Å"The report was finished in December, 2012.† A comma is fundamental between a month and a year just if a date is determined (â€Å"The report was finished on December 1, 2012†): â€Å"The report was finished in December 2012.† (a similar guideline applies when the name of a season shows up instead of the name of a month: â€Å"The report was finished in fall 2012.†) 5. â€Å"Jones went by freight car from California to New York with individual youngster craftsman, John Smith, portraying the American scene along the way.† Commas are essential with this kind of connection just if the sobriquet is gone before by an article (â€Å"Jones went by car from California to New York with a kindred youngster craftsman, John Smith, drawing the American scene along the way†): â€Å"Jones went by freight car from California to New York with individual juvenile craftsman John Smith outlining the American scene along the way.† Unfortunately, this sort of blunder has circulated around the web its universality is confused with legitimacy and is apparently ineradicable. Need to improve your English quickly a day? Get a membership and begin accepting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Punctuation classification, check our mainstream posts, or pick a related post below:Because Of and Because of 8 Types of Parenthetical Phrases7 Sound Techniques for Effective Writing

Project for the Design and Construction of a Bridge across the Murray River

Presentation Project Aim The point of this venture is to give a backup course of action from South Wales to Victoria for people on foot, engine vehicle clients, and cyclists through the Murray River.Advertising We will compose a custom appraisal test on Project for the Design and Construction of a Bridge over the Murray River explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Project Objective The guideline target of this task is to upgrade travel to and from South Wales over the Murray River utilizing the most straightforward and least expensive alternative. Task Background and Rationale XYZ Infrastructure Engineering Group Inc. has been granted with a Design and Construct Contract from Federal Government of Australia to develop a multi-reason connect over the Murray River from and to South Wales. The extension is to be named the â€Å"The Murray River Bypass†. The proposed new just multipurpose extension over the Murray River will significantly lessen traffic from the cu rrent Victoria Bridge. The extension will incredibly upgrade proficiency of conveyance of products and enterprises between the two urban areas. This proposed scaffold will give safe intersection to nearby suburbanites, empower strolling and cycling as an elective choice of transport. The task has been dispatched following extraordinary weight from nearby occupants, representatives, and government officials with respect to an excess of time taken to make exchange over the two towns. The separation between the two towns utilizing the Victoria Bridge is twice as much as the â€Å"The Murray River Bypass† which will slice through the waterway nearly at the mid level. Intellectuals figure that business between the two towns will expand two folds and there is probably going to be expanded the travel industry. The last is a direct result of the grand nature the new way will make enthusiasm from suburbanites. Subsequently, landowners along the new course will in all probability think of approaches to support the travel industry pulling in occupants of the two towns. Scaffold Specification and Design Bridge Dimensions Central Span: 100 metresAdvertising Looking for evaluation on venture the board? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Deck Spans: 50 meters Deck Widths: 8 meters Entrance/Abutment Lengths: 15 meters either side Construction Materials/Specification Component Description Drilled Bored Piers †5 off 50 MPA cast in situ solid, steel fortification Piers over 8 off 50 MPA cast in situ solid, steel support Masts/Towers 10 off 50 MPA pre-thrown solid towers, steel support Headstock 10 off 50 MPA cast in situ solid, steel fortification Cables 200 mm Steel Conduits with interior steel links, which include steel poles/wires inside. Solid boards/decking 8 off pre-thrown solid boards 25 meters long 300 mm thick with 60 MPA concrete, with steel fortification The extension must have changeless metal decking with interlocking joints. Line-stamping Yellow painted checking on cement to recognize approaching and active drivers. The scaffold must have white markings on either to check connect edges. Extension Design How link stayed spans work A link stayed connect comprises of at least one pre-thrown towers. The active links bolster the deck of the extension. Simply over the deck are slanted links that offer middle help for the extension. The links are tied down into these pre-thrown solid towers situated over the docks. The entirety of the heaviness of the extension goes to the highest point of the towers through the links, which slaughters off strain. The weight is then moved and upheld by the ground through a mix of powers. Other extension particulars manage kind of materials utilized in development. The scaffold usefulness segment characterizes the use of specific materials that are a piece of the principle components chose and their motivation in the general design.Advertising We will compose a custom appraisal test on Project for the Design and Construction of a Bridge over the Murray River explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More SWOT Analysis Project Strengths The broad experience of XYZ Infrastructure Engineering Group Inc in development XYZ fantastic connection with potential accomplices in materials and ability XYZ Previous commitment with the Australian Government (magistrate of the venture) The task is free and virgin in nature, consequently no disturbances to anybody No impedance with conduits Potential vacation spots Project Weaknesses Possibility of negative ecological effect since certain trees might be evacuated Noise, vibration and residue during development Complaints from creature protectionists that will guarantee that the street in wild creatures living space Project Opportunities Boost economy through expanded business activities and the travel industry attractions XYZ can enhance its effectively great notoriety with Australian Go vernment subsequently opportunities for additional business Provide elective courses for drivers, people on foot, and cyclists across Murray River Increase in an incentive to the region because of expanded luxuries and thankfulness due to availability Likely Improvement of the scene of Murray River Project Threats Continued resistance from preservationists High swelling may build cost of materials, work, and so forth over the time of the undertaking Economic Analysis Outline of costs/Budget coming up next are the fundamental cost/spending zones and their individual sums in Australian Dollars. The all out expense of the task will be Australian Dollars $6,600,000 (Ahrens Chapman, 2007). The venture that will take roughly 1.5 years will cost the accompanying in explicit regions: Preliminaries Site Sheds (Office, Lunch Room, Amenities and Storage) 500000 Site Manager/Foreman 100000 Laborers 900000 Design Architectural, Structural, Civil and Services Engineers Fees 1000000 Construction F oundations 1500000 Substructure 600000 superstructure 1000000 Earthworks 1000000 Total $6,600,000.00 Economic Analysis Since the idea of this task doesn't make it conceivable to embrace a NPV examination, the accompanying parameters best catch the monetary presentation of the undertaking (Manfredonia, Majewski Perryman, 2010). Stylish intrigue/vacation destination The new scaffold will open up vacation destination regions in the regions it will pass. Voyagers will create income for local people just as the legislature. In spite of the fact that protectionists mourn the creatures and ecological effect, for example, trees, the natural effect appraisal completed by a team chose by the administration showed up at more positive outcomes than negative outcomes. Decreased expenses for drivers/proficiency Motorists cost of fuelling and mileage will definitely diminish as the good ways from South Wales and Victoria lessen essentially. This will positively affect the economy, as these peopleà ¢â‚¬â„¢s expendable salaries will increment. Expendable earnings are a wellspring of extraordinary buying power. Costly materials The materials utilized for the development of this scaffold are tragically costly. In this angle, the extension cost increments essentially. Concrete is path costly than different materials, for example, steel metal which might be utilized to build footbridges. Task Initiation, delicate readiness, delicate investigation and subcontractors Project Initiation The Australian government provided an agreement to XYZ Infrastructure Engineering Group Inc after an escalated offering process. The procedure included personal investigations ability examinations and accommodation of assessments of different factors for the task. These incorporate costs, calendar, and conceivable sub temporary worker organizations (AGCA 2003). Delicate Preparation The delicate was set up as per Australia’s offering rules. All conditions such open offering process were met. Thro ugh serious offers, the legislature connected all the agents of the organizations lastly chose XYZ Infrastructure Engineering Group Inc.Advertising Searching for evaluation on venture the board? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Delicate Analysis/Evaluation and Subcontractor Selection Process For a delicate to be legitimate, cautious determination of subcontractors is fundamental. Through this procedure, every single imaginable association are appropriately indentified and considered to determine their capacity to empower the primary contractual worker to finish the task on schedule. Moreover, peripherals terms, for example, opportunities for augmentations, spending additions, among others are talked about and concurred. Task Schedule and General Resource Requirements for Main Elements Project Schedule Project planning, assessing and cost controls are the primary elements of a venture the board framework. For organizations occupied with future development, the correct conjecture of things to come venture cost is critical (AGCA 2003). The Murray River Project Plan, referenced above, is the premise of the undertaking planning and cost control. When the planned subcontractors have been educated regarding the cu toff time for finish of their subcontracts, they present their offers. Those, which fit inside the WIL venture plan parameters of time cost and quality, are chosen and offered consent to continue. This is done at the determination stage. In any case, this is a continuous procedure, as a subcontractor may go over financial plan. This is the obligation of the specific subcontractor included, who will take care of every single additional expense. Booking regularly starts in a provisional way, with increasingly point by point plans being created as the procedure continues. This requires predictable correspondence between the task chief and venture partners, as they should be educated regarding planning changes or postponements in usage. It is because of the provisional idea of planning that cost control is additionally a powerful procedure. The underlying timetable and quotes should be overhauled in the light of new infor

Word of the Week! Fulgent Richmond Writing

Word of the Week! Fulgent Richmond Writing As I write this, the gloom is almost palpable outside. We have heavy rain and lowering clouds. It is far from a fulgent day. Writing Consultant Griffin Myers suggested the word after she encountered it, as we do with so many interesting terms, in a class. The OED Online has it listed with a  frequency band of only 2 out of 8, meaning such words occur fewer than 0.01 times per million words in typical modern English usage. These are almost exclusively terms which are not part of normal discourse and would be unknown to most people. So our word may be on the way out the door with many other ancient but lovely adjectives. The OEDs usages vary. Wordsworth once described sunset in terms of it begin the fulgent West and a century later, a writer for Ebony noted a musicians fulgent keyboard technique. But the core sense of bright, shiny, or glittering remain, even if this word itself fades. Please nominate a word or metaphor useful in academic writing by e-mailing me (jessid -at- richmond -dot- edu) or leaving a comment below. See all of our Metaphors of the Month  here  and Words of the Week  here. Gem image courtesy of  Pixabay free images.

Choosing A Career For Medicine - 778 Words

On an unusually hot August afternoon in Karachi, I, along with other students and our attending, had been examining patients in the outpatient department, when a female, in her mid-20s, walked in. She appeared fatigued and had recurring diarrhea with weight loss. After obtaining a detailed history and not reaching a conclusion an extensive work up was ordered. The following day the results were perplexing. Apart from anemia, there was nothing abnormal. Over the course of the next few days more investigations were performed that proved inconclusive. We even ruled out abdominal tuberculosis. As a last resort the doctor ordered an endoscopy with biopsy. The results showed classic atrophic villi, therefore a diagnosis of celiac disease was made, although tissue transglutaminase had come out negative earlier in the course of diagnosis. Later on she was also diagnosed with IgA deficiency too, hence the negative Transglutaminase test. Through all this, what fascinated me was how doctors got to connect one clue to another in reaching a diagnosis. Choosing a career in medicine came naturally to me since my father is an anesthesiologist. With my frequent visits to his hospital, I have always been surrounded with doctors. I have witnessed first hand the satisfaction a doctor experiences seeing their patient on the path to recovery. From something as simple as seasonal sickness to treating patients with serious chronic diseases, medical profession is the cornerstone in ensuring theShow MoreRelatedCan I Get A Consult? Essay1304 Words   |  6 Pagesa life-threatening condition, doctors often have positive impacts on their patients. The choice to pursue a career in medicine is usually a difficult and stressful decision that comes with a great deal of fear of the unknown. 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My family, in particular, has not been without influence on this decision. My dad, now a nurse practitioner, was still in school when I was younger and so I grew up around the influence of his books and study materials as wellRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Post Surgery Essay997 Words   |  4 Pagesanswers I was provided, the more in depth my questions became. The complexities of science and medicine fascinated me. At school when we discussed potential careers, I knew I wanted to become like one of the many compassionate healthcare professionals that were responsible for treating and rehabilitating my mother. The self-fulfillment of serving people similar to my mother through practicing a career in medicine appealed to me. Fives years after her initial diagnosis, MRI scan revealed that her tumor

The Marketing Of Deodorant Advertisements Targeting Males...

With the strong competition in advertising, it is important to ensure that the correct things are done to make people want to buy the product that is being sold. A range of visual literacy elements, such as the font and catchphrase, are used to persuade the customer into buying the product. After an extensive search of the market, an advertisement from the company Secret and the company Adiction were chosen due to their success. These advertisements can be found in many magazines and online webpages. This report will examine the current market for deodorant advertisements targeting males and females and it will interpret the meanings and persuasive techniques behind them. One advertisement targeting males and one advertisement targeting females will be used. A recommendation of important procedures that must be used when advertising deodorant to males and females will also be given. 3.0 ADVERTISING 3.1 AD 1: SECRET ‘SHEER MINERAL’ DEODORANT Secret’s Sheer Mineral deodorant advertisement is an efficient example of deodorant directed towards a female audience. A range of persuasive elements were used to make this advertisement successful. This ad contains a range of warm, pastel, orange and yellow colours. However, the background colours are light and delicate whilst the foreground colours are bolder. The dainty, pastel orange tones are used to emphasis femininity and sophistication, which makes the ad more appealing to women. They also make the female model on theShow MoreRelatedMarket Analysis Strategy of Axe Deos in India3314 Words   |  14 Pagesstudies the market for the Axe range of Deodorants in India. Axe, a brand marketed by M/S. Hindustan Unilever Ltd. (HUL) in India, holds the market leader position in the nascent Indian deodorant industry. Though general information regarding market, image positioning etc. will cater to the complete Axe line of deodorants, product specifics will be restricted to the bodyspray segment alone. The report starts with an overview of the Indian market for Deodorants over the last 4-5 years, with relevantRead MoreNivea Marketing Strategy4245 Words   |  17 Pages 4.1 Market Segmentation and Targeting 6-7 4.2 Market Positioning 8 5. Consumers Behaviour 8-10 6. Recommendation 10-11 7. Conclusion 11-12 8. Appendix 13 9. References 14-15 1. Introduction In Malaysia the weather is always hot like summer, and therefore most people do experience body odour. A way to reduce body odour is by using deodorant. A deodorant is defined as a substance that destroys body odour. 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Similarly, up until recently, the 75 year old brand Old Spice had been labeled as an outdated product, something very out of fashion. Only old people would use Old Spice deodorants, was the common perception. However, Old Spice managed to change it s audience by grabbing the attentionRead MoreAvon is Calling1263 Words   |  5 Pagesproducts are sold in more than 100 countries. Market Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning Avon has many segmentation bases: †¢ Profile - Geographical factors – Avon production is sold in over 100 countries. The company is widely developed in almost all around the world. - Demographic factors – Initially the company was producing products for mostly women from ages 25-50, but currently they are producing products for males, females, children, teenagers, young adults, adults and elderly people. -Read MoreGillette, Founded In Boston, Massachusetts, United States1960 Words   |  8 Pagesonly to add a new product to the brand, but to also plan for future products (Gillette Acne Cream), which allows the brand to maintain momentum. 2.1 Market Summary Gillette is popularly known for mainly targeting men; even the slogan represents this focus of a male dominant marketing strategy: â€Å"Gillette, the best a man can get.† The main target is men aged between 20-45 years old. 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The Relationship between Okonkwo and Nwoye falls apart Free Essays

The Relationship between Okonkwo and Nwoye falls apart. A relationship between a father and son can have a decidedly profound impact on each other’s lives. Whether this relationship is bifurcated, the psychological effects of having an intimate or inadequate parenting skills can have a nurturing or depriving effect on a child’s personality from birth all throughout adulthood. We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship between Okonkwo and Nwoye falls apart or any similar topic only for you Order Now This relationship although sustained has the potential to be either beneficial or untenable. In Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, we see a breakdown between a father and son relationship which created a very detrimental effect. The carved figure of a son that Okonkwo had predicted was erased due to his egoistic character and his terrible parenting skills. I can recall an incident, where one of my closest friends had a extremely unstable and difficult relationship with his father. He told me that his father would put on a public display, praising him in front of his family and friends but behind closed doors, he would insult him. These insults were so hurtful that my best friend described them to me as land mines. The consequences of these hurtful land mines left mental scares that resulted in a schism, where the relationship between father and son became untenable. This also led to an emotional collapse with his father causing irreprehensible damage that affected and impacted his life today. The most prominent and compelling theme in the novel originates from the main character Okonkwo, and his ongoing battle to be different from his father. Okonkwo’s father had an negative impact his son’s life, which resulted in Okonkwo trying to constantly stay away from his father’s character. The happiness of a family depends on a strong and successful partnership among its members. It is often said, that a father-son relationship is one of the most valuable relationship that exists, and it should be extremely balanced. In any family structure, when a father and son relationship diminishes, the psychological consequences it creates causes a ripple effect. This ripple effect can cause considerable conflict and cause breeches, breakdown and discontinuity within the family structure. According to Achebe, the main character detested his father at a very young age, â€Å"Even as a little boy he had resented his father’s failure and weakness, and even now he still remembered how he had suffered when a playmate had told him that his father was agbala. †(28) The Igbo tribe in Things Fall Apart uses the term an â€Å"agbala† which is used to describe â€Å"woman†. Okonkwo considered his father to be weak, effeminate, poor, disgraceful, and always in debt to his fellow tribes people. Okonkwo’s life revolves around the deep fear of becoming a failure and adopting the image of his father. Due to this self rooted perception of failure there are indications that he tries to rise above his father’s legacy. The breakdown of Okonkwo’s relationship with his son is evident throughout this novel. The reason for this tumultuous relationship is, Okonkwo is too engrossed in maintaining his status quo, and his relationship was governed by his own beliefs, principles and his own â€Å"right way to do right things†. He treated his family very strictly as he believed that showing affection revealed a sign of social weakness; thus the disheartening lack of respect and love was a mal nourishing factor with in the family. This story maintained a constant theme of conflict. Nwoye, lives in perpetual fear of his father. Okonkwo constantly chastises his son and finds a fault with everything he does. He remains consistent in threatening his son and does not hesitate to abuse him. For example, when he is teaching Nwoye and Ikemefuna to manage seed-yams, he threatens Nwoye with physical abuse if he does not cut up the yams properly: â€Å"If you split another yam of this size, I shall break your jaw. † (Achebe 59). This is not a healthy way for a father to discipline his son. Whether corporal punishment was accepted in the Ibo culture or not, Okonkwo’s verbal and physical abuse weakened the relationship with Nwoye until he left for the missionaries. Although Okonkwo seems to want what was best for his son Nwoye, to prosper as a real man, I believe that it is immoral to impose control using violence. Okonkwo has a tunnel vision when it comes to parenthood, and this inevitably led to him disgracing his son and making mistakes just as his own father did. â€Å"I will not have a son who cannot hold his head in the gathering of the clan. I would sooner struggle him with my own hands. And if you stand staring at me like that,† he swore, â€Å"Amadiora will break your head for you! † (Achebe 60). This iterates the brutal way that Okonkwo treated his son. This incident shows the apparent faults in Okonkwo’s parenting skill as well as reflects his own weakness. In the story there was also an atrocious and tragic incident where Okonkwo killed his adopted son Ikemefuna. He was in a dilema at a point in time but it all drawed up in him murdering an innocent kid who calls him â€Å"father†. Because of this action his biological son grew a tinge of hanger and hatred towards him. Even though they were really no relation, Nwoye thought of his Ikemefuna as a brother. He did not love his children enough or show them compassion. here is no uniformity in the father-son relationship. Although Okonkwo feels he is doing the right thing in raising Nwoye, his harsh treatment drives his son further away from him. â€Å"At any rate, that was how it looked to his father, and he sought to correct him by constant nagging and beating. And so Nwoye was developing into a sad-faced youth† (Achebe 16). Nwoye felt no love or attention from his father. It is, therefore, no surprise that Nwoye left the tribe and converted to the â€Å"white man’s† religion, Christianity. He did this in an effort to seek answers to his troubling questions about Okonkwo and the other members in his society. This downfall in Nwoye’s relationship with Okonkwo encouraged him to follow the missionaries. This naive and amiable child struggled in the shadow of his powerful and demanding father. Nwoye’s relationship with his father progressively deteriorates because he is unable to put up with his father’s dictatorial attitude as well as there is a lack of understanding between each other. He was supportive of the new religion as it gave a sense of comfort. If he did not express inhumane, brutal threatening to kill his son, Nwoye would not have run away, but rather, enjoyed an improved relationship. By further analyzing this story it can be seen that he is alienated from traditions and beliefs from the tribe. Okonkwo death came just as Nwoye was ecoming aware of his role within the culture and becoming more aware of his self. Basically Okonkwo failed in his mission in raising his son in the right way and comprehends that he has pushed his son to his fate and becomes bitter. It is his fault that he lost a son. His rejection of his father’s way of life creates an ironic parallel rejection of his own son. Comprehending the importance of fatherhood, allows o ne to recognize the powerful influence of personal experiences and how they directly or indirectly affect others. Works Cited Achebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart. New York: Anchor Books, 2010. E-book. How to cite The Relationship between Okonkwo and Nwoye falls apart, Essay examples

Ryan Henson Essays - Divine Comedy, Hell In Popular Culture

Ryan Henson Mind 180 Essay #2 What is the significance of Virgil's relationship with Dante? The Inferno is an epic poem by Dante Alighieri, one of the greatest poets in the history of western literature. In it, he uses his mastery of language to blend elements of classical literature with a more contemporary Catholic viewpoint. Virgil, the Roman poet, is Dante's guide on this journey through the underworld. He helps to represent the classical elements of the poem. His relationship with the character of Dante in the poem is wide-ranging in importance and symbolism. He is a figure of reason and protection. Dante borrows liberally from Virgil in writing The Inferno. Much of the work resembles the underworld created in Virgil's Aeneid. Thus, Virgil is an obvious choice for a guide in the underworld. Having traversed the territory before, Virgil serves as a figure of knowledge and safety to Dante, who is at times uncertain and timid about traversing such a treacherous terrain. For example, in Canto II Dante hesitates at the Vestibule that marks the entrance to hell. It is only through the reassurance of Virgil's words that he finds fortitude. "Thy words have moved my heart to its first purpose. My guide! My Lord! My Master! Now lead on". 2 At numerous other points also, Virgil shows his authority by dealing with deterrences that occur during their journey. As in Canto III, when the ferryman, Charon, refuses Dante passage since he is a living man. Virgil forces Charon to grant them passage. "Charon, bite back your spleen:/This has been willed where what is willed must be/and is not yours to ask what it may mean." Virgil's influence, however, is limited. His power is associated with the power of reason, and this power is limited in Dante's hell. At the very beginning, Virgil warns Dante of this. He says that at the end of the journey through hell, "a worthier spirit shall be sent to guide you." Virgil cannot accompany Dante on into heaven because his virtues included only reason and not faith. Even at the points when Virgil is functional in clearing the path for the poets, it is only through voicing the fact that their journey is a mandate of heaven. For example, when he and Dante are confronted by Minos, Virgil again silences protests, and again by stating their divine purpose. "It is his fate to enter every door/This has been willed where what is willed must be,/and is not yours to question. Say no more." In these examples, Virgil is used as a sort of mediator of reason between Dante and God. Dante seems to be suggesting that though reason is limited in where it can get you, it can be an important tool in interpreting and understanding 3 one's relationship with the higher power. In this poem, reason and logic are not polar opposites of faith. They can be used together. This point is exemplified by the treatment of the honorable pagans. Though they are condemned to hell by a technicality (they were born before the time of Catholicism), they reign in a glorious part of heaven, in a green meadow surrounded by a citadel. Among these people are Homer, Aristotle, Socrates, and numerous other Greek thinkers and poets. "The signature of honor they left on earth is recognized in Heaven," explains Virgil, "and wins them ease in Hell out of God's favor." Still, however, they are sentenced eternally to Hell, showing the ultimate authority of religion over even the most honorable pagans. This Catholic viewpoint is incorporated thoroughly into Dante's hell. While it still is largely similar to Virgil's underworld in the Aeneid, and it incorporates many pagan themes, God's word supercedes all else. Virgil's limitation of influence is shown at the gate of Dis, which blocks the way to the inner circles of Hell. This gate is guarded by fallen angels. Though they are fallen and are sentenced to an existence in Hell, these souls are of a Heavenly nature. Accordingly, Virgil's influence, being a symbol of reason, falls short with these souls. They must wait for a Heavenly messenger to come before they can proceed to the lower circles of Hell. 4 In addition to being the symbol of reason, Virgil is also a fatherly figure to Dante. Dante frequently